DCA Notes In Hindi PDF Computer Fundamental (TOP 6) Imp Questions 2023

Features of RAM- Following are the main features of RAM- (i) RAM also stores the system program required to execute the user program.

(ii) Main memory is always addressed by the CPU itself. (iii) Information can be read and written in it.

Generally the following two types of RAM are used in personal computers-

(1) Dynamic RAM (DRAM)—Dynamic RAM is also known as DRAM in short. DRAM needs to be refreshed frequently. The meaning of refresh here is to charge the chip electrically. It refreshes about thousands of times in a second. Due to frequent refresh, it is slower than other RAM.

\(2) Static RAM (SRAM)—It refreshes less, as a result of which the data remains longer. Static RAM is also known as SRAM in short. SRAM is faster and more expensive than all other RAMs. (i) ROM (Read Only Memory)—ROM (Read Only Memory) is the permanent memory of the computer, which often

When the computer is on, it works to check and control all its input-output devices. Programs stored in this memory cannot be changed or destroyed, they can only be read, hence this memory is called Read Only Memory. The programs stored in it are not lost even when the computer is turned off computer, which often
or the power supply is cut off. Hence we also call ROM as Non-volatile or permanent storage medium.

Initially, it was a compulsion for ROM that even the computer manufacturer was able to store a program on the ROM chip once.

Later neither could erase it nor could modify that program but later PROM, EPROM. EEPROM name

Key ROMs were created, which have different names.

(iii) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): In this memory, a program can be stored only once and once stored, neither it can be erased nor any change can be made in it. (iv) EPROM (Erasable Programming Read Only Memory)—It is similar to PROM, but the programs stored in it can be erased by ultraviolet rays and new programs can be stored. data stored in

To erase it, a special device is required which is called IC programmer.

'(C) EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programming ROM) - Program stored on EEPROM can be erased electrically

can be removed by law. No device is required to delete or modify the program present on it

Is. Electrical Signal, which is available in the computer itself, modifies the program when we give commands. 

(d) Mini and Micro Computer

(iii) Desktop PC and Notebook Ans- (i) Hybrid and General Purpose Computer:

Hybrid Computer—Hybrid means having multiple properties. Therefore, those computers which have properties of both analog computer and digital computer are called hybrid computers. These computers are used in steel making, chemical process, medical science etc. For example, the analog device of a computer measures the symptoms (temperature, blood pressure) etc. of a patient. These parameters are later converted into numbers by the digital part. Thus fluctuations in the health of the patient can be tested immediately.

General Purpose Computer – General Purpose Computer has the ability to perform many types of tasks but the capacity and cost of the CPU present in them is less. In a general purpose computer, the functions for a specific task are generally the same. Separately, we can add only limited divas, because C.P.50

computers fundamentals

(C.P.U.) has limited capacity. Use of these computers for general work like preparing letters, documents

It happens in preparing, printing documents etc. (ii) Mini and Micro Computer :

Mini Computer - In 1939, Digital Equipment Corporation (D.E.C) started production of mini computer by making Programmable Data Processor 1 (PDP-I). The use of ICs in its revision model PDP-8 reduced both the size and cost of this computer, giving rise to the term mini computer. The size of the PDP 8 was equal to that of a refrigerator, hence it was called a mini computer. It consists of a visual display unit (VDU) and a tape feed and line printer with a keyboard.

Following are the features of mini computer

1. The most famous computer of these category is PDP-II. 2. They can work about 5 to 50 times faster than psycho computers.

3. Their cost is more than microcomputer.

4. Mini computer has more than one C.P.U. There are

5. Both their memory and speed are more than microcomputers.

6. These cannot be purchased individually.

7. Mini computers are used in reservation system.

Micro Computer - Micro processor is used in this computer and its size is also different from other computers.

is much smaller than the . Its size is so small that it can be kept in a table or briefcase. This computer can generally do all kinds of work, because its functioning is similar to that of large computers. Only one person can work on this computer at a time. This computer can be used as a means of entertainment at home.

Home budget can also be prepared by these computers and they can also be used for educational works in the simplest way.

(iii) Desktop and Notebook (Desktop P.C, and Notebook) :

Desktop P.C. which are kept on the computer desk and mostly remain stationary and we cannot take them with us mostly anywhere. Desktop PC's are called. These computers are used in hospitals, homes, schools, business institutions. Desktop computers are bought on the basis of capacity and model, their weight is around 20-25 kgs. The monitor of a desktop computer is a CRT tube, which is similar in size to a television. (Nowadays LCD screen is also available) Monitor, keyboard, system unit are different in this.

We can divide desktop computers into two categories-

(a) Single User System - Only one person can work on this system at a time. (b) Multi User System - Many people can work in one four on multi user system. Such systems are installed on PC networks.

Notebook - Notebook PC is also called Laptop PC. The weight of a laptop computer ranges from about 1 to 4 kg. That's why a person can work by keeping it in his lap (LAP). Due to its small size it can be carried anywhere. It has a flat panel display screen, that is, the screen is thin and flat. Its keyboard is like very small size buttons which occupy less space. It is also operated by battery. It can also be used while sitting in a train, bus or plane. Oh

dca fundamental notes in hindi pdf

Answer- To understand the development of computers, they have been divided into five generations. This helps us to get information about the progress made in the technology of computers. On the development of the basic principles of each computer and any part of them in a new form

A new generation begins. Generations of computers, their periods and the technology used are shown in the following chart.

(5) Fifth Generation First Generation: Computers developed from 1946 to 1956 were recognized as first generation computers. Initially, the governments of America and European countries came forward to develop computing machines in the military and academic fields. With the success of ENIAC, EDSAC and EDVAC, a huge business opened up for computer manufacturers and users. In 1946, J. P. Eckert and John Muchley built a computer named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), the world's first large-scale General Purpose Electronic Computer (General Purpose Electronic Computer) or mathematician John von Neumann. (John Von Neumann) in 1946, together with Eckert, Mauchly and Goldstein and Burks, designed a computer in which a group of instructions for actions could be stored in the program and after that a new program could be stored for a new action. The first Stored Program Computer (EDSAC) was prepared in 1949.

Attributes of the First Generation - Following are the main characteristics of the first generation

1. Vacuum tubes were used in first generation computers. These vacuum tubes are very large in size, hence the size of first generation computers was large. These used to deteriorate quickly due to continuous heating due to convection of electricity. Therefore, first generation computers were kept in AC (Air Condition). 2. Punch cards were used for Input and Output in computer systems. of these five

picture-vacuum tube

Processing speed was very less. 3. The data obtained from the punch card and the program were stored magnetically on it.

In the first generation of computers, two languages ​​were used to write programs. These languages

There are Machine Language and Assembly Language.

5. Use of first generation computers Commercial Computing, such as Payroll.

to have

It was used only for building and accounting because computers were very expensive at that time. Second Generation: A new era in computers began with the use of transistors in place of vacuum tubes in second generation computers.

Transistor was invented in 1947 by William Shockley. Transistor is made of a semiconductor material. Its function was similar to that of a vacuum tube, but the speed of operation was high. The size of the photo-transistor was smaller than that of a vacuum tube, and the transistor was more reliable than that of a vacuum tube, and it could withstand constant current. It used to be less hot.

Attributes of Second Generation Following are the main features of second generation- 1. Along with punch cards, magnetic tapes and discs also started being used for secondary storage.

2. In place of Magnetic Drum, Magnetic Core Memory was used in internal memory. 3. To remove the complexity of machine and assembly language, simple and high-level language was developed FORTRAN, COBOL. SNOBAL ALGOL etc.

14. Computers of the second system started being used in the reservation system for the passengers of the aircraft and in the MIS (Management Information System). Along with this, Telestar was established in 1962. Telstar was a communication satellite.

Third Generation - Computers from 1964 to 1970 were kept in the second generation. In this generation of computers, Integrated Circuits were being used instead of transistors. Transistor, resistor and capacitor all three were included in one IC. In 1938, JS Kilvey of the Texas Instrument Company invented tiny silicon chips.

Made an Integrated Circuit on (Chip).

In 1953, Hadrich Johnson called this technology MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semi-conductor or Field Effect Transistor). Patented in the name of In 1966, it became possible to manufacture thousands of transistors on a single chip. Due to this, the size of computers became very small as compared to earlier generations. Video Display Unit was also used in computers of this generation. The CPU circuit was designed by Marcian Hoff at Intel Corporation on a small chip. The name of this chip prepared in 1970 is Intel-4004 or this small chip is called microprocessor.

(Microprocessor) and the computers in which the microprocessor was used were called micro-computers.

where did it go. The first microcomputer Altair based on Intel-8080 MITS company asked Howard University student Bill Gates to install BASIC language in Altair microcomputer. This effort of Bill Gates was successful. After this, Bill Gates established his company Microsoft Corporation, which is today the world's largest software company. Attributes of the Third Generation Following are the main characteristics of the third generation-

1. The trend of computer-series or family ideology started from this generation.

2. In the third generation, new high-level computer languages ​​were developed, such as BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic

instruction code). These languages ​​were used keeping in mind the needs of the development user (Liser). These languages ​​were easy to learn.

3. Operating System was created to control all the activities of the computer. this operating

All the internal functions of the computer became automatic with the system.

4. The main computers of this generation are IBM's System 1360 Line, DEC's (Digital Equipment. Corporation) Programmable Data Processor-1 (PDP-1), PDP-5, PDP 8.

5. L.C. (Integrated Circuit) began to be used. 6. More reliable than second generation computers.

7. High-level programming languages ​​were used. 8. Maintenance of third generation computer became easy.

9. Weight and size reduced as compared to second generation.

10. Capacity of Secondary Storage increased.

Fourth Generation - From 1970 to 1985

K's computers were kept in fourth generation computers ISI (Large Scale

Integration) and then the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) chip in 1975

It has become possible for the entire Control Processing Unit (CPU) to be built on a single chip. This chip is the size of a finger nail. The entire computer chip was simple to operate in third generation computer languages. Attributes of the third generation - Following are the main characteristics of the fourth generation-

1. The size of computers was minimized in the fourth generation. IC (IC) made smaller, faster and cheaper. Millions of circuits were built on a tiny chip. 2. When Semi-conductor memory was used in place of the core memory used in the previous generation.

3. Spreadsheet applications, generators, softwares that work as databases were prepared in this generation. Working in these was easier than working in third generation computer languages ​​like BASIC COBOL FORTRAN etc. Fifth Generation - Computers of 1985 have been placed in the fifth generation. humanoid in these computers

An attempt has been made to incorporate the properties. Japanese scientists have named their plan for the development of these computers as Knowledge Information Processing System (KIPS). Computers of this generation are still in a developed state. Efforts are being made to use artificial intelligence in these computers.

With these, it will be possible to do the work of Voice Recognition and Image Control very efficiently and at a fast pace. Attributes of the Fifth Generation Following are the main qualities of the fifth generation-

1. In the fifth generation, the size and structure of the computer is prepared according to the requirement, nowadays computers of different models are available. E.g. Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop etc.

it happens.

2. Multimedia has evolved in the fifth generation. Multimedia is a combination of sound, graphics or text.

3. Through internet, we can get various material on all subjects like health, medicine, science, art and culture etc. from anywhere.

 

What is Personal Computer? Classify the different categories of Personal Computers. Explain the Various Components of P.C. Answer – Personal computer is also called micro-computer. Personal computers are used individually by small groups. Is. Micro processors are mainly helpful in making these computers. That's why they are also called microcomputers. personal

Computer is used for the following tasks-

1. For domestic work in the house 2. For playing Gume

2. For Accounting

3. For sending on the Internet 4. In the field of education

4. For entry and production control 9. Software for manufacturing

5. For Pedsheet work

6. Computer aided for design and construction. 11. Use of PC in many work areas makes the work simple and fast.

7. For website design and development

is done to do.

Development of micro-processor (Evaluation of Micro-Processor) – Intel Corporation first made micro-processor available in the market. The microprocessor 4004 was first introduced to the market in 1971 during the manufacture of the calculator chip Cent. The Microprocessor 4004 was the central component of the calculator chip set, codenamed MCS-4.

After the development of 4004, three more psycho-processors were developed, namely Rockwell International 4-bit (Rockwell International ++-bit) PPS 4, Intel's 8-bit (Intel 8008) and National Semiconductor 16. -bit (National Semiconductor 16-bit) IMP was 16. All these microprocessors were developed for general purpose computers.

Pentium Processors The main features of Pentium processor are as follows-

1. They have a 64-bit processor.

2. The speed of this micro processor starts from 100 MH to 1500 MHz. 3. It can understand two or more instructions at a time. It has two ALL and each ALL has two Pipeline

it occurs.

14. It has two 8K cache memory.

personal

Computer at fafu aforat (Different Categories of Personal Computer)

1. PC (Personal Computer) Intel 8086 micro processor was installed in the first IBM-PC. This processor met the criteria of 8-bit or G IBM PC. The job of this micro-processor was to store data and memory addresses. It had 14 registers for data transfer and data processing, its storage capacity ranged from 128 to 640 KB. This type of computer did not have a hard disk and had given number of floppy drives. Data bus size 8-bit and address bus size

was a 20-hit. Its memory used to be up to IMB.

2. PC-XT - It had a microprocessor named 8088. It was an 8-bit processor, in which the size of the data bus was 8-bit and the address

I had a hard disk.

The size of ten was 20-bit. Its memory was also up to IMB. Floppy drives were numbered up to 1 or 2. But this type of computer 3. PC-AT- 80286 mica processor was installed in this type of computer. Its speed was higher than 8086 and the computer

Storage capacity ranged from LMB to 2MB. This type of computer had a hard disk and its computing speed was 1620 mega steps, the number of floppy drives was 1 or 2.

 

Answer- Applications of Computer (Applications of Computer):

At home and in personal use (Home and Personal Use) nowadays micro computers are mostly being used in every household. Due to various small size and convenient models of psycho computers, their popularity is increasing day by day. With the advent of new technologies, the prices of computers are falling day by day. Nowadays a middle class person can easily buy a computer. Due to the small size of the computer, it can be kept on a bench or in a briefcase. These are being used in homes or in personal work in the following form-

picture-computerized car

(a) Computerized Cars Opening the door by recognizing the voice of the car owner, warning of the proper amount of petrol, closing the door as soon as you sit inside, changing the surface of the car as per your wish, etc. are all operated by the computer.

(b) Computerized Home - Nowadays houses are also being made computer controlled. They automatically control the temperature of the house. door owner's voice

The recognition and opening is also controlled by the computer.

(c) Computers in Kitchen - Electronic processor and memory used in kitchen appliances like Microwave Oven, Washing Machine

(d) Personal Robot Servants Nowadays robots are being used not only in factories but also for personal work. Robots are generally understood to be 'mechanical humans'. In fact, a robot is a machine that can perform repetitive, monotonous or risky tasks for humans.